梯度风对雾滴穿透性影响的研究及试验

该文对梯度风中果树枝叶的运动规律的理论分析发现：梯度风可以使果树枝叶产生“躲闪”、“退让”和“扭转”运动，有利于雾滴穿透和沉积。室内和田间试验证明：只提高弥雾机出口风速对雾滴的穿透效果不好，反而容易造成近风侧粘附雾滴的逃逸。而弥雾机械梯度风的存在，有利于雾滴的穿透和沉积。因此，为了提高雾滴的穿透性和沉积性，应该提高梯度风的梯度。为减少已粘附雾滴的逃逸损失，提高雾滴在整株果树上分布均匀性，提高药效，必需合理选择和控制风机的出口风速。     

太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.     

Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: Continuous monitoring

Continuous monitoring of cloud and rain samples at three mountain sites in the UK has allowed consideration of the long term impact of the enhancement of the wet deposition of pollutants by orographie effects, specifically the scavenging of cap cloud droplets by rain falling from above (the seeder-feeder effects). The concentration of the major pollutant ions in the cloud water is related to the relative proximity of each site to marine and anthropogenic sources of aerosol. In general, the concentrations of major ions in precipitation at summit sites exceed those in precipitation to low ground nearby by 20% to 50%. Concentrations in orographie cloud exceed those in upwind rain by between a factor of five and ten. The results are consistent with seeder-feeder scavenging of hill cloud by falling precipitation in which the average concentration of ions in scavenged hill cloud exceed those in precipitation upwind by a factor of 1.7 to 2.3 for sulphate and nitrate respectively at Dunslair Heights and 1.5 to 1.8 for sulphate and nitrate at Holme Moss. The results suggest that the parameterisation of this relationship with scavenged feeder cloud water concentrations assumed to exceed those in seeder rain by a factor of two for the production of predictive maps of wet deposition in mountainous regions of the U.K. is satisfactory.     

Effect of acidic deposition on hybrid poplar- primary or predisposing stress?

Our research examined the role of acidic deposition as a primary, or predisposing, stress on 8–12 week old cuttings of hybrid poplar (Populos deltoides x nigra). Firstly, we examined the role of acidic deposition as a primary stress in terms of physiological indicators (gas exchange, chlorophyll concentrations, chlorophyll-a fluorescence). Our results suggest that levels of acid precipitation of > pH 3.5 did not act as a primary stress. Secondly, we hypothesized that acidic deposition could act by making trees more susceptible to drought. An acid treatment exposure regime was followed by 3–4 days of drought stress in a controlled environment. Preexposure to acidic deposition did not increase the degree, or rate of appearance, of water stress as indicated by predawn xylem pressure potentials and leaf conductances. Examination of cuticular water loss from excised leaves suggested that this parameter was insensitive to acidic deposition from pH 3.0 to 5.5.     

我国陆生生态化学计量学应用研究进展与展望

生态化学计量学是一门集生态学、化学计量学、物理学的交叉学科,是当前生态学研究的热点和前沿领域,为研究植物限制性元素及生态系统物质循环提供了一种新的方法和思路。本文重点从气候变化与氮沉降、生态系统演化、添加实验及人类活动等对生态化学计量特征的影响方面对我国陆生生态化学计量学的应用研究进行了总结与评述,并结合现已开展的工作,对有待进一步拓展的相关生态化学计量研究领域进行了展望,以期在生态系统稳定性、常量元素调控等方面的研究取得新突破。     

去除养殖水体悬浮颗粒的多向流重力沉淀装置设计及性能

为了高效去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,研发了多向流重力沉淀装置,并对其水力特性及相关结构参数进行试验研究。该文以固体悬浮颗粒物去除率为试验指标,设计了5～40 min的水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）及斜管填料规格参数的双因素试验。结果显示,随着HRT增加,多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率呈显著上升的阶段性变化特征,但以HRT为20 min时沉淀装置的综合处理效果最优,最高平均去除率可达（58.57 %±10.12 %）,其中粒径小于20 μm的微颗粒去除率为19.5%,粒径大于60 μm的微颗粒去除率高达90.3 %;较小的斜管直径可显著提高多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率,而斜管高度对去除率无显著影响。多向流重力沉淀装置用于去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,是一种行之有效的方法。     

风幕式静电喷杆喷雾喷头雾化与雾滴沉积性能试验

为了解决传统施药方式药液在植株中下冠层沉积量不足、雾滴粒径分布不均匀等问题,对常规喷杆喷雾扇形喷头设计了一种双平板感应式荷电装置,试验测量了该扇形静电喷头产生的雾滴荷质比、空间上的横向和纵向粒径分布并验证了在风幕和静电作用下雾滴的沉积性能。试验结果表明:荷质比随着静电电压的增大先增大后趋于稳定,随喷雾压力的增大而减小;静电作用能够减小雾滴粒径,并且使雾滴粒径横向分布更加均匀;随着喷头远离测量装置,纵向雾滴粒径逐渐增大;风幕作用能够改善雾滴在冠层中的沉积性能,相同条件下,有风幕时雾滴沉积分布的变异系数为0.645,与无风幕时的0.871降低了25.95%;静电作用能够改善雾滴在冠层中的沉积性能,在静电电压0和6 kV作用下,雾滴沉积分布的变异系数减小了50.2%;荷电条件下,随着喷雾压力的增大,雾滴的沉积分布均匀性反而会减小。该研究可为进一步研究新型喷头荷电装置及风幕式喷杆喷雾机的研发提供参考。     

Bimodal grain-size distribution of Chinese loess, and its palaeoclimatic implications

Grain-size analysis indicates that Chinese loess generally shows a bimodal distribution with a coarse and a fine component. The coarse component, comprising the main part of the loess, has pronounced kurtosis and is well sorted, which is interpreted to be the product of dust storms generated by low-altitude northwesterly winds. Its grain-size reflects the strength of the low-altitude circulation in the dust seasons of the year, and its percentage provides an indicator of the source area aridity and the frequency of dust storms. Conversely, the fine component has a wide grain-size range and is poorly sorted. Sedimentary illustrations based on the grain-size distribution characteristics of bulk samples and of detrital quartz suggest that the fine component probably represents the background dust load of the atmosphere and is mainly transported by high-altitude westerly airstreams. Its grain-size provides an estimate of the westerly air stream intensity. The coarse and fine components of a loess sample can be mathematically separated by fitting a designated mathematical distribution function to the measured grain-size data, and this procedure constitutes an approach for reconstructing the palaeowind system of Northern China.     

Pathways and dynamics of NO3 and NH4 applied in a mountain Picea abies forest and in a nearby meadow in central Switzerland

To evaluate the pathways and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in previously N-limited ecosystems, field additions of ¹⁵N tracers were conducted in two mountain ecosystems, a forest dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and a nearby meadow, at the Alptal research site in central Switzerland. This site is moderately impacted by N from agricultural and combustion sources, with a bulk atmospheric deposition of 12 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ equally divided between NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Pulses of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were applied separately as tracers on plots of 2.25 m². Several ecosystem pools were sampled at short to longer-term intervals (from a few hours to 1 year), above and belowground biomass (excluding trees), litter layer, soil LF horizon (approx. 5-0 cm), A horizon (approx. 0-5 cm) and gleyic B horizon (5-20 cm). Furthermore, extractable inorganic N, and microbial N pools were analysed in the LF and A horizons. Tracer recovery patterns were quite similar in both ecosystems, with most of the tracer retained in the soil pool. At the short-term (up to 1 week), up to 16% of both tracers remained extractable or entered the microbial biomass. However, up to 30% of the added ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was immobilised just after 1 h, and probably chemically bound to soil organic matter. 16% of the NH₄⁺ tracer was also immobilised within hours, but it is not clear how much was bound to soil organic matter or fixed between layers of illite-type clay. While the extractable and microbial pools lost ¹⁵N over time, a long-term increase in ¹⁵N was measured in the roots. Otherwise, differences in recovery a few hours after labelling and 1 year later were surprisingly small. Overall, more NO₃⁻ tracer than NH₄⁺ tracer was recovered in the soil. This was due to a strong aboveground uptake of the deposited NH₄⁺ by the ground vegetation, especially by mosses.     

棉花纤维素沉积特性的遗传分析

本研究利用~3H标记,对陆地棉(Goossypium hirsuturn L.)和海岛棉(Goossypiumbarbardense L.)不同品种及海岛棉×陆地棉杂种F_1代的纤维素沉积特性进行了分析。结果表明,与亲本比较,杂种F_1明显改善了纤维素沉积状况,沉积峰期较陆地棉明显后移,尤以前期纤维素沉积较快的品种,如鲁棉二号与海岛棉杂交后,纤维素沉积状况较陆地棉亲本改善更大。